Hello everyone! Continuing our series of in-depth IELTS Reading walkthroughs from ECE Language Center, today we’re diving into a topic that sits at the intersection of industrial history and electrical engineering: “Radio Automation”.
Imagine the 1940s: computers were still a distant concept, yet a British engineer successfully built a machine that fully automated radio production. It was an invention ahead of its time, but one that met a tragic fate due to poor timing. This passage not only tells a fascinating historical story but is also a goldmine of high-value vocabulary related to Technology & Manufacturing. Let’s get started!
Reading Passage & Questions
Radio Automation
Today they are everywhere. Production lines controlled by computers and operated by robots. There’s no chatter of assembly workers, just the whirr and click of machines. In the mid-1940s, the workerless factory was still the stuff of science fiction. There were no computers to speak of and electronics was primitive. Yet hidden away in the English countryside was a highly automated production line called ECME, which could turn out 1,500 radio receivers a day with almost no help from human hands.
A. John Sargrove, the visionary engineer who developed the technology, was way ahead of his time. For more than a decade, Sargrove had been trying to figure out how to make cheaper radios. Automating the manufacturing process would help. But radios didn’t lend themselves to such methods: there were too many parts to fit together and too many wires to solder. Even a simple receiver might have 30 separate components and 80 hand-soldered connections. At every stage, things had to be tested and inspected. Making radios required highly skilled labour – and lots of it.
B. In 1944, Sargrove came up with the answer. His solution was to dispense with most of the fiddly bits by inventing a primitive chip – a slab of Bakelite with all the receiver’s electrical components and connections embedded in it. This was something that could be made by machines, and he designed those too. At the end of the war, Sargrove built an automatic production line, which he called ECME (electronic circuit-making equipment), in a small factory in Effingham, Surrey.
C. An operator sat at one end of each ECME line, feeding in die plates. She didn’t need much skill, only quick hands. From now on, everything was controlled by electronic switches and relays. First stop was the sandblaster, which roughened the surface of the plastic so that molten metal would stick to it. The plates were then cleaned to remove any traces of grit. The machine automatically checked that the surface was rough enough before sending the plate to the spraying section. There, eight nozzles rotated into position and sprayed molten zinc over both sides of the plate. Again, the nozzles only began to spray when a plate was in place. The plate whizzed on. The next stop was the milling machine, which ground away the surface layer of metal to leave the circuit and other components in the grooves and recesses. Now the plate was a composite of metal and plastic. It sped on to be lacquered and have its circuits tested. By the time it emerged from the end of the line, robot hands had fitted it with sockets to attach components such as valves and loudspeakers. When ECME was working flat out; the whole process took 20 seconds.
D. ECME was astonishingly advanced. Electronic eyes, photocells that generated a small current when a panel arrived, triggered each step in the operation, avoiding excessive wear and tear on the machinery. The plates were automatically tested at each stage as they moved along the conveyor. And if more than two plates in succession were duds, the machines were automatically adjusted – or if necessary halted. In a conventional factory, workers would test faulty circuits and repair them. But Sargrove’s assembly line produced circuits so cheaply they just threw away the faulty ones. Sargrove’s circuit board was even more astonishing for the time. It predated the more familiar printed circuit, with wiring printed on a board, yet was more sophisticated. Its built-in components made it more like a modern chip.
E. When Sargrove unveiled his invention at a meeting of the British Institution of Radio Engineers in February 1947, the assembled engineers were impressed. So was the man from The Times. ECME, he reported the following day, “produces almost without human labour, a complete radio receiving set. This new method of production can be equally well applied to television and other forms of electronic apparatus.”
F. The receivers had many advantages over their predecessors, with components they were more robust. Robots didn’t make the sorts of mistakes human assembly workers sometimes did. “Wiring mistakes just cannot happen,” wrote Sargrove. No wires also meant the radios were lighter and cheaper to ship abroad. And with no soldered wires to come unstuck, the radios were more reliable. Sargrove pointed out that the circuit boards didn’t have to be flat. They could be curved, opening up the prospect of building the electronics into the cabinet of Bakelite radios.
G. Sargrove was all for introducing this type of automation to other products. It could be used to make more complex electronic equipment than radios, he argued. And even if only part of a manufacturing process were automated, the savings would be substantial. But while his invention was brilliant, his timing was bad. ECME was too advanced for its own good. It was only competitive on huge production runs because each new job meant retooling the machines. But disruption was frequent. Sophisticated as it was, ECME still depended on old-fashioned electromechanical relays and valves – which failed with monotonous regularity. The state of Britain’s economy added to Sargrove’s troubles. Production was dogged by power cuts and post-war shortages of materials. Sargrove’s financial backers began to get cold feet.
H. There was another problem Sargrove hadn’t foreseen. One of ECME’s biggest advantages – the savings on the cost of labour – also accelerated its downfall. Sargrove’s factory had two ECME production lines to produce the two circuits needed for each radio. Between them these did what a thousand assembly workers would otherwise have done. Human hands were needed only to feed the raw material in at one end and plug the valves into their sockets and fit the loudspeakers at the other. After that, the only job left was to fit the pair of Bakelite panels into a radio cabinet and check that it worked.
I. Sargrove saw automation as the way to solve post-war labour shortages. With somewhat Utopian idealism, he imagined his new technology would free people from boring, repetitive jobs on the production line and allow them to do more interesting work. “Don’t get the idea that we are out to rob people of their jobs,” he told the Daily Mirror. “Our task is to liberate men and women from being slaves of machines.”
J. The workers saw things differently. They viewed automation in the same light as the everlasting light bulb or the suit that never wears out—as a threat to people’s livelihoods. If automation spread, they wouldn’t be released to do more exciting jobs. They’d be released to join the dole queue. Financial backing for ECME fizzled out. The money dried up. And Britain lost its lead in a technology that would transform industry just a few years later.
Questions
Questions 1-7
Summary: The following diagram explains the process of ECME.
Complete the following chart of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.
1. ……….
2. ……….
3. ……….
4. ……….
5. ……….
6. ……….
7. ……….
Questions 8-11
Complete the following summary using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer.
Sargrove had been dedicated to creating a (8) ……………… radio by automation of manufacture. The old version of radio had a large number of independent (9) ……………… . After this innovation was made, wireless-style radios became (10) ……………… and inexpensive to export overseas. As Sargrove saw it, the real benefit of ECME’s radio was that it reduced (11) ……………… of manual work, which can be easily copied to other industries manufacturing electronic devices.
Questions 12-13
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D. Write your answers in boxes 12-13 on your answer sheet.
12. What was the workers’ attitude towards the ECME Model initially?
A. anxious
B. welcoming
C. boring
D. inspiring
13. What is the main idea of this passage?
A. approach to reduce the price of radio
B. a new generation of fully popular products and successful business
C. application of automation in the early stage
D. ECME technology can be applied in many product fields
Detailed Translation
Radio Automation
Today they are everywhere. Production lines are controlled by computers and operated by robots. There is no more chatter from assembly workers, just the whirring and clicking of machinery. In the mid-1940s, the “workerless factory” was still the stuff of science fiction. There were no real computers to speak of, and electronics were still primitive. Yet, hidden away in the English countryside was a highly automated production line called ECME, which could turn out 1,500 radio receivers a day with almost no human intervention.
Paragraph A: John Sargrove, the visionary engineer who developed this technology, was far ahead of his time. For over a decade, Sargrove had been trying to figure out how to make cheaper radios. Automating the production process would help. But radios didn’t lend themselves to such methods: there were too many parts to assemble and too many wires to solder. Making radios required highly skilled labour—and a lot of it.
Paragraph B: In 1944, Sargrove found the answer. His solution was to dispense with most of the fiddly bits by inventing a primitive chip—a slab of Bakelite with all the electrical components and connections embedded in it… After the war, Sargrove built an automatic production line, which he called ECME (electronic circuit-making equipment)…
Paragraph C: An operator sat at one end of each ECME line, feeding in die plates… The first stop was the sandblaster… The plates were then cleaned to remove any traces of grit… Eight nozzles rotated into position and sprayed molten zinc over both sides of the plate. The plate whizzed on. The next stop was the milling machine, which ground away the surface layer of metal, leaving the circuit and other components in the grooves. Now the plate was a composite of metal and plastic. It continued to be lacquered and have its circuits tested. By the time it emerged from the end of the line, robot hands had fitted it with sockets to attach components such as valves and loudspeakers…
Paragraph D: ECME was astonishingly advanced. Electronic eyes (photocells) generated a small current when a panel arrived, triggering each step in the operation, thereby avoiding excessive wear and tear on the machinery… Sargrove’s assembly line produced circuits so cheaply that they just threw away the faulty ones…
Paragraph E & F: When Sargrove unveiled his invention… the engineers were impressed. The receivers had many advantages over their predecessors, with more robust components… No wires also meant the radios were lighter and cheaper to ship abroad.
Paragraph G & H: Sargrove was all for introducing this type of automation to other products… But while his invention was brilliant, his timing was bad. ECME was too advanced for its own good. It was only competitive on huge production runs because each new job meant retooling the machines… The British economy added to Sargrove’s troubles. Production was dogged by power cuts and post-war shortages of materials… One of ECME’s biggest advantages—the savings on labour costs—also accelerated its downfall.
Paragraph I & J: Sargrove saw automation as the way to solve post-war labour shortages… He told the Daily Mirror: “Don’t get the idea that we are out to rob people of their jobs. Our task is to liberate men and women from being slaves of machines.” The workers saw things differently. They viewed automation… as a threat to their livelihoods. If automation spread, they would be released to join the dole queue. Financial backing for ECME fizzled out. The money dried up. And Britain lost its lead in a technology that would transform the entire industry just a few years later.
Key Vocabulary
| Word | POS | Meaning | Context |
| Primitive | (adj) | Basic, early-stage | Electronics was primitive. |
| Solder | (v) | To join metal parts | Too many wires to solder. |
| Embed | (v) | To fix firmly into a surface | Connections embedded in it. |
| Molten | (adj) | Liquefied by heat | Molten metal/zinc. |
| Wear and tear | (n) | Damage from regular use | Avoiding excessive wear and tear. |
| Robust | (adj) | Strong, durable | Components they were more robust. |
| Retool | (v) | To change machine settings |
Chia sẻ:
Comments & Q&A
Loading... LoginError: Contact form not found. Contact AdvisorError: Contact form not found. |
Khai giảng Khóa học Hè cực HOT.
No comments yet!